EDA 및 주요 인사이트

사이버 공격 유형 예측 해커톤: 트래픽 속 위협을 식별하라!

EDA 및 주요 인사이트

NAJUNGHWAN

2025.06.11 00:54 799 조회

EDA 및 주요 인사이트 작성하였습니다.

좋은 의견 있으면 가감 없이 부탁 드립니다.

컬럼 요약

2.기본 EDA

# ==============================================================
# Cell 1 ▸ 라이브러리 로드 & 데이터 읽기
# ==============================================================


import pandas as pd, numpy as np
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
import seaborn as sns


pd.set_option("display.max_columns", 200)
plt.style.use("ggplot")


PATH = "/path/train.csv"      # 데이터 경로
df   = pd.read_csv(PATH)


print("shape :", df.shape)
df.head()

# ==============================================================
# Cell 2 ▸ target(attack_type) 클래스 분포
# ==============================================================


cls_cnt = df["attack_type"].value_counts().sort_values(ascending=False)
print(cls_cnt)


plt.figure(figsize=(10,4))
sns.barplot(x=cls_cnt.index, y=cls_cnt.values, palette="viridis")
plt.xticks(rotation=45, ha="right")
plt.title("Class Distribution (attack_type)")
plt.ylabel("# samples")
plt.tight_layout()
plt.show()

attack_type
Benign             8791
Hulk               1719
Port_Scanning       793
DDoS                471
FTP_Brute_Force      47
GoldenEye            41
Slow_HTTP            34
SSH_Brute_Force      30
Botnet               27
Slowloris            26
Web_Brute_Force      14
Web_XSS               6

# ==============================================================
# Cell 3 ▸ 전체 결측치 분포
# ==============================================================


na_sum   = df.isna().sum()
na_table = na_sum[na_sum>0].sort_values(ascending=False).to_frame("na_count")
na_table["na_ratio(%)"] = (na_table["na_count"] / len(df) * 100).round(2)


display(na_table.head(20))      # 상위 20개만


plt.figure(figsize=(12,4))
sns.barplot(x=na_table.index, y="na_ratio(%)", data=na_table)
plt.xticks(rotation=90)
plt.title("Missing Value Ratio per Column")
plt.tight_layout()
plt.show()

# ==============================================================
# Cell 4 ▸ 숫자형 컬럼별 이상치 탐지 (IQR 기반)
# ==============================================================


num_cols = df.select_dtypes(include=[np.number]).columns.tolist()


outlier_info = []
for col in num_cols:
    q1, q3 = df[col].quantile([0.25, 0.75])
    iqr     = q3 - q1
    lower   = q1 - 1.5 * iqr
    upper   = q3 + 1.5 * iqr
    out_cnt = df[(df[col] < lower) | (df[col] > upper)].shape[0]
    outlier_info.append((col, out_cnt))


out_df = pd.DataFrame(outlier_info, columns=["column", "outlier_count"])\
          .sort_values("outlier_count", ascending=False)


display(out_df.head(20))


# (옵션) 가장 이상치가 많은 상위 3개 컬럼 시각화
top3 = out_df.head(3)["column"].tolist()
for col in top3:
    plt.figure(figsize=(6,3))
    sns.boxplot(x=df[col], color="skyblue")
    plt.title(f"Boxplot – {col}")
    plt.show()

# ==============================================================
# Cell 5 ▸ 컬럼별 기본 통계 & 상관관계 히트맵 (선택)
# ==============================================================


print(df.describe(include="all").T.head(20))   # 필요 시 전체 저장


plt.figure(figsize=(14,10))
corr = df[num_cols].corr(method="spearman")
sns.heatmap(corr, cmap="coolwarm", center=0, vmin=-1, vmax=1, square=True)
plt.title("Spearman Correlation Heatmap (numeric features)")
plt.tight_layout()
plt.show()

                    count unique            top  freq           mean  \
ID                  11999  11999    TRAIN_00000     1            NaN   
ip_src               9487    517   172.16.0.182  2266            NaN   
port_src           8625.0    NaN            NaN   NaN    42746.90342   
ip_dst              10695   1901  192.168.10.18  2681            NaN   
port_dst           9712.0    NaN            NaN   NaN    6445.632619   
protocol            11999      2            TCP  8005            NaN   
duration          10925.0    NaN            NaN   NaN      16.712027   
pkt_count_fwd     11999.0    NaN            NaN   NaN      16.019168   
pkt_count_bwd     11999.0    NaN            NaN   NaN      20.222685   
rate_fwd_pkts     10828.0    NaN            NaN   NaN    6645.382033   
rate_bwd_pkts     10312.0    NaN            NaN   NaN    6627.535999   
rate_fwd_bytes    11999.0    NaN            NaN   NaN  320568.776422   
rate_bwd_bytes    11999.0    NaN            NaN   NaN  188760.733033   
payload_fwd_mean  10214.0    NaN            NaN   NaN     183.602231   
payload_bwd_mean  10214.0    NaN            NaN   NaN     183.602231   
tcp_win_fwd_init  11999.0    NaN            NaN   NaN     8464.43587   
tcp_win_bwd_init  11999.0    NaN            NaN   NaN    8691.062839   
tcp_syn_count     11999.0    NaN            NaN   NaN       0.713976   
tcp_psh_count     11999.0    NaN            NaN   NaN       2.409451   
tcp_rst_count     11999.0    NaN            NaN   NaN       0.324027   

                             std   min       25%         50%          75%  \
ID                           NaN   NaN       NaN         NaN          NaN   
ip_src                       NaN   NaN       NaN         NaN          NaN   
port_src            20898.422967  11.0   35892.0     51267.0      58154.0   
ip_dst                       NaN   NaN       NaN         NaN          NaN   
port_dst            16426.098766   0.0      58.0        83.0        447.0   
protocol                     NaN   NaN       NaN         NaN          NaN   
duration              120.178667   0.0  0.000037    0.023343     0.363972   
pkt_count_fwd        1125.156847   0.0       1.0         2.0          6.0   
pkt_count_bwd        1559.513622   0.0       1.0         2.0          5.0   
rate_fwd_pkts       49400.352987   0.0       0.0    7.683389    84.858991   
rate_bwd_pkts       52039.407437   0.0  0.014556   14.772424   501.153578   
rate_fwd_bytes    6399729.624371   0.0       0.0   24.792465  2209.445479   
rate_bwd_bytes    1183179.128635   0.0       0.0  414.200061  8446.479825   
payload_fwd_mean      312.584458   0.0       0.0        61.5        141.0   
payload_bwd_mean      312.584458   0.0       0.0        61.5        141.0   
tcp_win_fwd_init    15043.771463   0.0       0.0         0.0       8192.0   
tcp_win_bwd_init    14180.141107   0.0       0.0         0.0      26847.0   
tcp_syn_count           1.010957   0.0       0.0         0.0          2.0   
tcp_psh_count          13.620653   0.0       0.0         0.0          2.0   
tcp_rst_count            0.46803   0.0       0.0         0.0          1.0   

                               max  
ID                             NaN  
ip_src                         NaN  
port_src                   65535.0  
ip_dst                         NaN  
port_dst                   65384.0  
protocol                       NaN  
duration               8567.023224  
pkt_count_fwd             123229.0  
pkt_count_bwd             170796.0  
rate_fwd_pkts            1048576.0  
rate_bwd_pkts            2097152.0  
rate_fwd_bytes    509484574.117647  
rate_bwd_bytes     53292333.176471  
payload_fwd_mean       2433.333333  
payload_bwd_mean       2433.333333  
tcp_win_fwd_init           65535.0  
tcp_win_bwd_init           65535.0  
tcp_syn_count                  9.0  
tcp_psh_count               1046.0  
tcp_rst_count                  1.0

3.추가 EDA 분석

# ==============================================================
# Cell 0 ▸ 공통 설정
# ==============================================================


import pandas as pd, numpy as np
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
import seaborn as sns


from sklearn.manifold import TSNE
from sklearn.preprocessing import StandardScaler
from sklearn.model_selection import StratifiedKFold


try:
    import umap   # optional
except ImportError:
    umap = None


PATH = "/path/train.csv"
df   = pd.read_csv(PATH)
print(df.shape)

1) IP 주소 → 서브넷 파생 필요성 확인

# ==============================================================
# Cell 1-A ▸ IP 옥텟 분해 & 빈도표
# ==============================================================


for side in ["src", "dst"]:
    octets = df[f"ip_{side}"].str.split('.', expand=True)
    octets.columns = [f"ip_{side}_{i}" for i in range(4)]
    df = pd.concat([df, octets.astype(float)], axis=1)


for col in ["ip_src_0", "ip_dst_0", "ip_src_1", "ip_dst_1"]:
    print("\nTop 10 –", col)
    print(df[col].value_counts(dropna=False).head(10))

Top 10 – ip_src_0
ip_src_0
192.0    6457
NaN      2512
172.0    2310
23.0       54
52.0       54
104.0      45
162.0      44
178.0      42
54.0       35
199.0      33
Name: count, dtype: int64

Top 10 – ip_dst_0
ip_dst_0
192.0    7177
NaN      1304
172.0     725
23.0      345
52.0      314
104.0     222
54.0      206
151.0     127
162.0     126
72.0      100
Name: count, dtype: int64

Top 10 – ip_src_1
ip_src_1
168.0    6444
NaN      2512
16.0     2279
217.0      50
255.0      37
208.0      35
244.0      31
67.0       25
241.0      24
63.0       17
Name: count, dtype: int64

Top 10 – ip_dst_1
ip_dst_1
168.0    7108
NaN      1304
217.0     431
16.0      356
101.0     126
208.0     125
84.0      120
194.0      88
21.0       74
192.0      68
Name: count, dtype: int64

# ==============================================================
# Cell 1-B ▸ /24 동일 서브넷 플래그 & 크로스탭
# ==============================================================


df["same_subnet_24"] = (
    (df["ip_src_0"] == df["ip_dst_0"]) &
    (df["ip_src_1"] == df["ip_dst_1"]) &
    (df["ip_src_2"] == df["ip_dst_2"])
)


subnet_ct = pd.crosstab(df["same_subnet_24"], df["attack_type"], normalize="columns") * 100
display(subnet_ct.style.format("{:.1f}%"))

# ==============================================================
# Cell 1-C ▸ t-SNE / UMAP 시각화 (선택)
# ==============================================================


cols = [f"ip_src_{i}" for i in range(4)] + [f"ip_dst_{i}" for i in range(4)]
ip_mat = df[cols].fillna(-1)


emb = TSNE(perplexity=50, random_state=0).fit_transform(ip_mat)
# UMAP을 쓰려면: emb = umap.UMAP(min_dist=0.3).fit_transform(ip_mat)


plt.figure(figsize=(6,5))
sns.scatterplot(x=emb[:,0], y=emb[:,1], hue=df["attack_type"],
                palette="tab10", s=10, linewidth=0, alpha=0.6)
plt.title("t-SNE of IP-octets")
plt.legend(bbox_to_anchor=(1,1))
plt.tight_layout()
plt.show()

주요 인사이트

(1) IP 옥텟 분포

내부 사설망 **두 개(192·172 대역)**가 주 통신 축
외부 공용망(23, 52, 104 …)은 건수가 적지만 모두 Benign + 공격 트래픽에 섞여 있으며, “외부→내부 IP”만으로는 완벽 분리 불가
ip_src_1=168·ip_dst_1=168이 지배적이며, 192.168.. 대역에서 대부분의 흐름 발생

(2) same_subnet_24” 결과

내부-내부(/24) 트래픽은 모두 정상
공격 세션은 항상 다른 서브넷 간 흐름
same_subnet_24 단일 피처만으로도 강력한 분류력

(3) t-SNE 시각화 해석

파란색(Benign)이 대부분이고 공격 점들은 곳곳에 희소하게 섞임. IP 정보만으로는 Benign ↔ 공격이 완전히 분리되지 않음
외부 특정 대역(23.* , 52.* 등) ↔ 내부 192.168.. 조합처럼 특정 IP 패턴이 공격에 치우쳐져 있음.
“IP 옥텟이 비슷한 세션끼리 뭉치는 패턴" 파악

2) 포트 빈값과 구간화 필요성

# ==============================================================
# Cell 2-A ▸ 빈값 비율
# ==============================================================


for col in ["port_src", "port_dst"]:
    na_pct = df[col].isna().mean()*100
    blank_pct = (df[col]=="").mean()*100 if df[col].dtype=="object" else 0
    print(f"{col}: NaN={na_pct:.2f}%, blank={blank_pct:.2f}%")

port_src: NaN=28.12%, blank=0.00%
port_dst: NaN=19.06%, blank=0.00%

# ==============================================================
# Cell 2-B ▸ 포트 히스토그램 (전체 & well-known 확대)
# ==============================================================


fig, ax = plt.subplots(1,2, figsize=(12,4))
sns.histplot(df["port_dst"].dropna(), bins=100, ax=ax[0])
ax[0].set_title("Port-dst (0-65535)")
sns.histplot(df[df["port_dst"]<=1023]["port_dst"].dropna(), bins=50, ax=ax[1])
ax[1].set_title("Port-dst ≤1023 (well-known)")
plt.tight_layout(); plt.show()

# ==============================================================
# Cell 2-C ▸ 포트 버킷 vs 클래스
# ==============================================================


bins   = [-10,0,1024,49152,70000]
labels = ["missing","well","registered","dynamic"]
for col in ["port_src","port_dst"]:
    df[f"{col}_bucket"] = pd.cut(df[col].fillna(-1), bins=bins, labels=labels)


bucket_ct = pd.crosstab(df["port_dst_bucket"], df["attack_type"], normalize="columns")*100
display(bucket_ct.style.format("{:.1f}%"))

주요 인사이트

port_src·port_dst 에 결측값(NaN)이 일부 존재
대부분 비정상 트래픽 기록에서는 포트 정보가 누락되거나 비표준 형식.
각 구간별 공격 특성 차이가 있음.

3) duration 로그 변환 타당성

# ==============================================================
# Cell 3-A ▸ 히스토그램 선형 vs 로그
# ==============================================================


fig, ax = plt.subplots(1,2, figsize=(12,4))
sns.histplot(df["duration"].dropna(), bins=100, ax=ax[0])
ax[0].set_title("duration (linear)")
sns.histplot(np.log1p(df["duration"].dropna()), bins=100, ax=ax[1])
ax[1].set_title("duration log1p")
plt.tight_layout(); plt.show()

# ==============================================================
# Cell 3-B ▸ 박스플롯
# ==============================================================


plt.figure(figsize=(10,4))
sns.boxplot(x="attack_type", y="duration", data=df, showfliers=False)
plt.yscale("log")
plt.xticks(rotation=45, ha="right")
plt.title("duration by attack_type (log-y)")
plt.tight_layout(); plt.show()

# ==============================================================
# Cell 3-C ▸ QQ-plot
# ==============================================================


import scipy.stats as stats
stats.probplot(np.log1p(df["duration"].dropna()), dist="norm", plot=plt)
plt.title("QQ-plot of log(duration)")
plt.show()

주요 인사이트

세션 지속시간(duration) 분포가 0~10⁵ 초까지 극단적으로 퍼져 있고, 중간값과 최대값 차이가 10⁴ 배 이상
로그 변환(log1p) 후에도 꼬리가 길어 모델 학습 시 분산이 과도하게 커짐

4) 패킷 수 대칭성

# ==============================================================
# Cell 4-A ▸ 산점도 fwd vs bwd
# ==============================================================


plt.figure(figsize=(6,5))
sns.scatterplot(x=np.log1p(df["pkt_count_fwd"]), y=np.log1p(df["pkt_count_bwd"]),
                hue=df["attack_type"], alpha=0.4, linewidth=0, s=12, legend=False)
plt.xlabel("log pkt_count_fwd"); plt.ylabel("log pkt_count_bwd")
plt.title("Packet Count symmetry")
plt.show()

# ==============================================================
# Cell 4-B ▸ ratio 히스토그램
# ==============================================================


eps = 1e-6
df["pkt_ratio_fb"] = (df["pkt_count_fwd"]+eps)/(df["pkt_count_bwd"]+eps)
sns.histplot(np.log(df["pkt_ratio_fb"]), bins=100)
plt.title("log(pkt_ratio_fb)")
plt.show()

# ========================================================a======
# Cell 4-C ▸ 클래스별 평균·중앙값
# ==============================================================


stats_tbl = df.groupby("attack_type")[["pkt_ratio_fb"]].agg(["mean","median"]).round(2)
display(stats_tbl)

주요 인사이트

전방향/역방향 패킷 수(pkt_count_fwd, pkt_count_bwd)의 절대값 차이가 클래스별로 상이
로그 비율로 대칭성을 하나의 실수 특성으로 압축했을 때 Port_Scanning ratio≫0, DDoSratio≈1(양방향 균형),FTP_Brute_Force ratio≈∞ 패턴 존재.

5) 전송률(rate) 로그 변환

# ==============================================================
# Cell 5-A ▸ rate_* 히스토그램 (linear vs log)
# ==============================================================


cols_rate = ["rate_fwd_pkts","rate_bwd_pkts","rate_fwd_bytes","rate_bwd_bytes"]
for col in cols_rate:
    fig, ax = plt.subplots(1,2, figsize=(10,3))
    sns.histplot(df[col].dropna(), bins=100, ax=ax[0]); ax[0].set_title(col)
    sns.histplot(np.log1p(df[col].dropna()), bins=100, ax=ax[1]); ax[1].set_title(f"log1p {col}")
    plt.tight_layout(); plt.show()

# ==============================================================
# Cell 5-B ▸ Scatter Matrix
# ==============================================================


from pandas.plotting import scatter_matrix
scatter_matrix(np.log1p(df[cols_rate]), figsize=(12,12), alpha=0.2)
plt.suptitle("Scatter Matrix – log(rate_*)")
plt.show()

주요 인사이트

rate_fwd_bytes·rate_bwd_bytes 및 rate_fwd_pkts·rate_bwd_pkts 분포 극단적
log1p 변환 후에도 꼬리 특성이 남음

6) payload_*_mean 결측·0 구분

# ==============================================================
# Cell 6-A ▸ NaN vs 0 카운트
# ==============================================================


for col in ["payload_fwd_mean","payload_bwd_mean"]:
    nan_cnt = df[col].isna().sum()
    zero_cnt= (df[col]==0).sum()
    print(f"{col}: NaN={nan_cnt}, zeros={zero_cnt}")


df["is_payload_missing"] = df["payload_fwd_mean"].isna() | df["payload_bwd_mean"].isna()
ct = pd.crosstab(df["is_payload_missing"], df["attack_type"], normalize="columns")*100
display(ct.style.format("{:.1f}%"))

payload_fwd_mean: NaN=1785, zeros=3837
payload_bwd_mean: NaN=1785, zeros=3837

주요 인사이트

payload_fwd_mean·payload_bwd_mean 에 10 % 안팎의 NaN 과, 실제 0 값이 공존
Botnet vs 정상 및 FTP vs Web 브루트 패턴 분리 가능.

7) tcp_win_*_init 프로토콜별 NaN 처리

# ==============================================================
# Cell 7-A ▸ 프로토콜별 tcp_win NaN 비율
# ==============================================================


for col in ["tcp_win_fwd_init","tcp_win_bwd_init"]:
    pct = df.groupby("protocol")[col].apply(lambda s: s.isna().mean()*100)
    print("\n", col); print(pct.round(1))

tcp_win_fwd_init
protocol
TCP    0.0
UDP    0.0
Name: tcp_win_fwd_init, dtype: float64

 tcp_win_bwd_init
protocol
TCP    0.0
UDP    0.0
Name: tcp_win_bwd_init, dtype: float64

# ==============================================================
# Cell 7-B ▸ TCP 세션 히스토그램
# ==============================================================


tcp_df = df[df["protocol"]=="TCP"]
sns.histplot(tcp_df["tcp_win_fwd_init"].dropna(), bins=100)
plt.title("tcp_win_fwd_init (TCP only)")
plt.show()

주요 인사이트

일부 TCP 관련 윈도우 초기값(tcp_win_init 등) 컬럼은 특정 프로토콜(HTTP, TLS) 에만 정의되고 나머지는 NaN 값으로 존재.

8) iat_avg_packets 로그 변환

# ==============================================================
# Cell 8-A ▸ IAT 히스토그램 선형 vs 로그
# ==============================================================


sns.histplot(df["iat_avg_packets"].dropna(), bins=100)
plt.title("iat_avg_packets (linear)")
plt.show()


sns.histplot(np.log1p(df["iat_avg_packets"].dropna()), bins=100)
plt.title("log1p iat_avg_packets")
plt.show()

# ==============================================================
# Cell 8-B ▸ 클래스별 IAT 통계
# ==============================================================


iat_tbl = df.groupby("attack_type")["iat_avg_packets"].describe()[["mean","50%","min","max"]].round(3)
display(iat_tbl)

주요 인사이트

iat_avg_packets 로그 변환 후에도 Slow_HTTP, GoldenEye, Slowloris 등 느린 공격 탐지에 주요 지표로 활용될 수 있음.

9) attack_type 불균형 정도

# ==============================================================
# Cell 9-A ▸ 클래스 BAR plot (이미 실행했지만 재확인)
# ==============================================================


cls_cnt = df["attack_type"].value_counts()
sns.barplot(x=cls_cnt.index, y=cls_cnt.values)
plt.xticks(rotation=45, ha="right")
plt.title("attack_type distribution")
plt.show()

# ==============================================================
# Cell 9-B ▸ 주요 Feature 평균 Heatmap
# ==============================================================


feat_subset = ["duration","pkt_ratio_fb","rate_fwd_pkts","rate_bwd_pkts",
               "payload_fwd_mean","payload_bwd_mean"]
heat = df.groupby("attack_type")[feat_subset].mean()
sns.heatmap(heat, annot=True, fmt=".1f", cmap="Blues")
plt.title("Mean feature values per class")
plt.show()

# ==============================================================
# Cell 9-C ▸ StratifiedKFold 후 클래스 분포
# ==============================================================


skf = StratifiedKFold(n_splits=5, shuffle=True, random_state=0)
for i, (_, val_idx) in enumerate(skf.split(df, df["attack_type"])):
    fold_dist = df.loc[val_idx, "attack_type"].value_counts(normalize=True)*100
    print(f"\nFold {i}:")
    print(fold_dist.round(1))

Fold 0:
attack_type
Benign             73.3
Hulk               14.3
Port_Scanning       6.6
DDoS                4.0
FTP_Brute_Force     0.4
GoldenEye           0.3
Slow_HTTP           0.3
SSH_Brute_Force     0.2
Slowloris           0.2
Botnet              0.2
Web_Brute_Force     0.1
Web_XSS             0.0
Name: proportion, dtype: float64

Fold 1:
attack_type
Benign             73.2
Hulk               14.3
Port_Scanning       6.6
DDoS                3.9
FTP_Brute_Force     0.4
GoldenEye           0.3
Slow_HTTP           0.3
Slowloris           0.2
SSH_Brute_Force     0.2
Botnet              0.2
Web_XSS             0.1
Web_Brute_Force     0.1
Name: proportion, dtype: float64

Fold 2:
attack_type
Benign             73.2
Hulk               14.3
Port_Scanning       6.6
DDoS                3.9
FTP_Brute_Force     0.4
GoldenEye           0.3
Slow_HTTP           0.3
Botnet              0.2
SSH_Brute_Force     0.2
Slowloris           0.2
Web_Brute_Force     0.1
Web_XSS             0.0
Name: proportion, dtype: float64

Fold 3:
attack_type
Benign             73.2
Hulk               14.3
Port_Scanning       6.6
DDoS                3.9
FTP_Brute_Force     0.4
GoldenEye           0.4
SSH_Brute_Force     0.2
Botnet              0.2
Slow_HTTP           0.2
Slowloris           0.2
Web_Brute_Force     0.1
Web_XSS             0.0
Name: proportion, dtype: float64

Fold 4:
attack_type
Benign             73.3
Hulk               14.3
Port_Scanning       6.6
DDoS                3.9
FTP_Brute_Force     0.4
GoldenEye           0.3
Slow_HTTP           0.3
SSH_Brute_Force     0.3
Botnet              0.2
Slowloris           0.2
Web_Brute_Force     0.1
Web_XSS             0.0
Name: proportion, dtype: float64